Allochrony as a potential driver for reproductive isolation in adaptive radiations of European whitefish ecomorphs

In northern Fennoscandian lakes, monophylogenetic lineages of postglacial fishes are radiating into several adaptive forms, but the speciation process is still at an incipient stage. The speciation process has received increased attention over the years, but the underlying mechanisms and drivers are still debated and poorly understood. European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus [L.]) is the most abundant fish species in these lakes and has evolved into several ecomorphs adapted to different trophic niches and habitats. Genetic divergence has been observed among these ecomorphs, but the mechanism(s) responsible for the ongoing build-up of reproductive isolation has still to be revealed. As these systems are young in evolutionary time (<10 kyr), prezygotic and postzygotic extrinsic isolation mechanisms are thought to be more likely to contribute to the reproductive isolation than intrinsic isolation mechanisms. We determined the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of three ecomorphs in two replicated lake systems and used GSI as a proxy to investigate the prezygotic isolation mechanism, allochrony, as a driving factor of divergence in this adaptive radiation of whitefish. We found that the three ecomorphs differed in GSI values within and between lakes, suggesting different spawning times of the ecomorphs. We also show that males of one ecomorph had equal onset of maturity as another ecomorph, giving novel insights into the ongoing gene flow observed between ecomorphs. The result supports allochrony as a driver for the divergence process of whitefish ecomorphs, but more evidence is still needed to rule out that the three ecomorphs make use of different spawning grounds.     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination in Cotton Seeds of Hunan Province

[Objective] In order to guarantee the quality and safety of cotton products and to explore the feasibility of alternative planting, the contamination condition of the heavy metals in cotton seeds in Hunan province was investigated and evaluated. [Method] Fifty-six cotton seed samples, collected in 6 counties of Hunan province, were collected to determine 6 indicators including cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and inorganic arsenic contents. This was followed by pollution index calculation, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. [Results] The range of comprehensive pollution indexes of Junshan district, Anxiang county, Nanxian county, Wangcheng and Dingcheng districts varied between 0.366 5–0.577 0, which belonged to a secure level. However, the single pollution indexes of Hengyang county are relatively high. The comprehensive pollution index of Hengyang county was 0.801 6, meaning a mild pollution level. [Conclusion] The pollution status of cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic in Hunan cottonseed samples are generally acceptable. Cotton could be a substitute for rice on contaminated soil.     

Assessing the utility of topographic variables in predicting structural complexity of tree stands in a reforested urban landscape

The transformation of natural landscapes into impervious built-up surfaces through urbanization is known to significantly interfere with the ecological integrity of urban landscapes and accelerate climate change and associated impacts. Although urban reforestation is widely recognised as an ideal mitigation practice against these impacts, it often has to compete with other lucrative land uses within an urban area. The often limited urban space provided for reforestation therefore necessitates the optimization of the ecological benefits, which demands spatially explicit information. The recent proliferation of tree stands structural complexity (SSC) and topographic data offer great potential for determining the ecological performance of reforested areas across an urban landscape. This study explores the potential of using topographic datasets to predict SSC in a reforested urban landscape and ranks the value of these topographic variables in determining SSC. Tree structural data from a reforested urban area was collected and fed into a tree stand structural complexity index, which was used to indicate ecological performance. Topographic variables (Topographic Wetness Index, slope, Area Solar Radiation and elevation)- were derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and used to predict SSC using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression technique. Results show that SSC varied significantly between the topographic variables. Results also show that the topographic variables could be used to reliably predict SSC. As expected, the Topographic Wetness Index and slope were the most important topographic determinants of SSC while elevation was the least valuable. These results provide valuable spatially explicit information about the ecological performance of the reforested areas within an urban landscape. Specifically, the study demonstrates the value of topographic data as aids to urban reforestation planning.     

玉米自交系耐荫性鉴定与评价

以41个玉米自交系为材料,采用大田试验方法,在植株形态建成期设置15%遮荫和不遮荫两种处理方式,研究不同处理下玉米自交系植株形态、物质生产、产量等11个指标以及各指标耐荫系数的变化,并对自交系的耐荫性进行评价。结果表明,遮荫不仅会增加玉米自交系的株高和穗位高,延缓生育进程,而且会降低植株叶面积指数及叶绿素含量,最终影响玉米物质积累及产量的提升。进一步对各指标的耐荫性进行数学统计分析,表明茎干物质、叶面积指数和产量的耐荫系数可作为评价玉米自交系耐荫性指标。筛选出M173、豫82、DH382、618B、P6874、昌7-2、8612A、M753、ZY608、豫1122、PH6WC和M109高度耐荫型玉米自交系;ZY602、ZY606、658、HT60、ZY601、C70、外引-2、四-144、KW7M14、NS501和PH4CV是弱光敏感型玉米自交系。     

玉米穗轴对穗腐病抗性鉴定体系与优异抗源的研究

穗轴作为拟轮枝镰孢菌侵染果穗引发玉米穗腐病的重要途径之一，能够影响病原菌的侵染和扩散。为了深入开展玉米穗轴对拟轮枝镰孢菌抗性的研究以及了解玉米穗腐病子粒与穗轴抗性的差异，进行抗性鉴定体系的优化，利用164份国内外玉米骨干自交系进行两年两点的接种鉴定筛选优异抗源，对发病边长、发病芯长、发病面积、发病相对面积等4个抗性指标进行研究。结果表明，发病边长能较大程度地区分不同自交系间的抗感差异且又在材料内具有较好的重演性。把发病边长确定为玉米穗腐病穗轴抗性鉴定指标，对参试自交系进行抗性评价，鉴定出CML27、BT-1、CML274等58份穗轴高抗自交系，筛选出BT-1、CML173、CML193等8份子粒与穗轴均抗穗腐病的优异抗源。     

冀北地区近50 a马铃薯需水量及水分盈亏时空变化特征

为高效利用水资源,提高农业生产效益,根据联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的参考作物蒸散计算方法和相关作物系数法,利用河北省马铃薯主要种植区域(冀北地区)23个地面气象站的资料,计算了冀北地区近50a(1969—2018年)马铃薯生育期内的需水量和缺水量,并分析了马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量、需水量、缺水量变化趋势,以及不同区域不同生育期马铃薯需水量、缺水量的变化特征。结果表明:1)近50 a冀北地区马铃薯生育期内降水量、有效降水量年际变化可分为2个阶段:1969—2003年呈减少趋势,气候倾向率分别为–15.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)、–6.61 mm·(10a)~(–1);而2004—2018年呈显著增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为60.07 mm·(10a)~(–1)、9.68 mm·(10a)~(–1)。近50 a平均降水量、有效降水量分别为356.5 mm和148.6 mm;空间上均呈自西向东逐渐递减的带状特征。2)近50a马铃薯生育期需水量和缺水量年际变化也表现出1969—2003年减少、2004—2018年增多的趋势,且需水量多的年份缺水量也多,近50 a平均需水量和缺水量分别为497.8 mm、349.1 mm;空间分布上均呈自坝上高原向坝下山地增多特点,且需水量大的地区缺水量也多。3)马铃薯块茎膨大期需水量最多,期间也是缺水量最多的时期。研究结果显示1969—2018年冀北地区马铃薯生育期内水资源一直处于严重亏缺状态,在生产中需充分考虑马铃薯需水量对气象要素变化的响应,加强水分管理,确保水资源高效利用。     

中国不同地区‘富士’苹果品质评价

【目的】确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【方法】从河北、河南、辽宁、宁夏、山东、山西、陕西、新疆等8个苹果主产省（区）68个市（县）的代表性果园采集176份‘富士’苹果样品进行品质测定,共测定单果重、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度、固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比等15项指标。通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,采用灰色关联度法建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【结果】不同产区间‘富士’苹果品质指标存在差异性,新疆‘富士’苹果硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、山梨醇含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值等8项品质指标均高于其他省（区）‘富士’苹果。维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、蔗糖含量和甜酸比的变异系数均大于30%,可溶性糖含量的变异系数最小（仅为9.8%）。‘富士’苹果某些品质指标间存在极显著的相关性,可滴定酸含量与固酸比、糖酸比之间相关系数分别为-0.844、-0.854,果糖和甜度值之间相关系数达0.963,固酸比与糖酸比之间相关系数为0.941。通过主成分分析和聚类分析,确定单果重（X₁）、去皮硬度（X₂）、可滴定酸含量（X₃）、固酸比（X₄）和果糖含量（X₅）为‘富士’苹果核心品质指标。通过灰色关联度法建立了‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型Y=0.2601X₁+0.1378X₂+0.0819X₃+0.2601X₄+0.2601X₅。【结论】单果重、去皮硬度、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和果糖含量为‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘富士’苹果品质的综合评价。     

春播谷子成熟期抗倒伏性研究

试验以长谷4号、长生13和晋谷21为材料,在成熟期（乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期）测定7个性状指标,分析其与倒伏性的关系。结果表明,3个品种的倒伏指数均以黄熟期最大,乳熟期最小;从基部第2节间~第6节间,倒伏指数依次增加,抗倒伏性依次降低。相关性分析表明,基部第2节间倒伏指数与重心高度和单株穗鲜重呈显著正相关,与株高、单株鲜重和基部第2节间长度呈正相关,与基部第2节间直径和基部第2节间机械强度呈负相关,但都未达到显著水平。通径分析结果表明,各性状对倒伏指数的直接影响从大到小排序为：基部第2节间机械强度、单株鲜重、重心高度、株高、基部第2节间直径、基部第2节间长度和单株穗鲜重。由研究结果可见,基部第2节间机械强度和重心高度可作为评价谷子成熟期抗倒伏性的通用指标,对选育抗倒伏谷子新品种具有重要指导意义。     

基于MODIS TVDI和模糊数学方法的藏北地区旱情等级遥感监测

为了实现对藏北区域范围内春夏旱情的动态连续监测,基于温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)和模糊数学方法建立了遥感干旱的划分标准,研究时段为1980-2017年。首先利用MODIS产品数据计算TVDI,然后根据气象干旱等级监测结果,采用模糊数学法建立基于MODIS TVDI的干旱等级划分标准,并对监测结果进行精度验证,最后分析了近年来藏北地区旱情的时空变化特征。得到的主要结论:①基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和增强植被指数(EVI)计算得到的温度植被干旱指数TVDIN和TVDIE,均与20 cm实测土壤水分含量在0.05的水平达到显著相关,TVDIE的决定系数更高;②基于TVDIE将旱情划分为无旱、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱5个等级,其中,据此标准获得的藏北地区旱情等级与气象干旱等级监测结果大体一致;③近年来藏北地区旱情整体不太严重,且总体趋缓,其中,2009年最严重,发生中旱及以上旱情的区域面积达24%,年内旱情在6月最严重。就旱情的空间分布特征而言,研究区西南部和中部干旱比较严重,北部和东南部相对较轻。研究成果可为藏北地区干旱监测提供数据支撑,遥感干旱等级的划分方法可为其他地区的干旱研究提供参考。